The Messiah and the Covenants of Israel

The New Covenant (Continued)

The Messiah and ‘This Generation’

The Messiah, who always chose His words with great care, isolated His contemporary generation from all other generations when He spoke of His rejection. “He (the Son of Man) must suffer many things and be rejected by this generation.” (Luke 17.25)  It will be that single generation that will stand at the bar of God and be accused of unlawfully rejecting their Messiah, because it was with that one generation He contended. He never said, ‘all future generations’ will be under the judgment of God; He only ever said, ‘this generation’.  “The men of Nineveh will rise up in the judgment with this generation and condemn it, because they repented at the preaching of Jonah; and indeed a greater than Jonah is here. The queen of the South will rise up in the judgment with this generation and condemn it, for she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and indeed a greater than Solomon is here” (Matt.12.41,42).

Previous generations had rejected the servants of the Lord, but that one generation alone rejected the Son of God. Their own words will condemn them.[1]  This is the teaching of the parable of the vinedressers.  Having beaten, abused and sometimes killed the servants of the Lord of the vineyard, their response when the Son and Heir presented the claims of their Lord, was: “This is the heir, come let us kill him” (Matt.21.38). The judgment will be inclusive, that is, all the martyrs of the T’nach who were rejected as messengers of God, will also rise up against this generation because He was the One to whom all prophecy was pointing, for He was the greatest prophet of all (“the Word became flesh”) (John 1:14). Matthew reports the words of Jesus directly. “Therefore you are witnesses against yourselves that you are sons of those who murdered the prophets. Fill up, then, the measure of your fathers’ guilt. Serpents, brood of vipers! How can you escape the condemnation of hell? Therefore, indeed, I send you prophets, wise men, and scribes: some of them you will kill and crucify, and some of them you will scourge in your synagogues and persecute from city to city, that on you may come all the righteous blood shed on the earth, from the blood of righteous Abel to the blood of Zechariah, son of Berechiah, whom you murdered between the temple and the altar. Assuredly, I say to you, all these things will come upon this generation”.Mt 23:31-36

Because of the rejection of the Messiah, the offer of the New Covenant to the nation was deferred. It will require the national leaders of Israel to call on Jesus in repentance and supplication and accept Him as Messiah and Lord. There is no guarantee that they will ever do this of their own accord, but prophecy alerts us to the time when the nation will suffer great persecution. They will be brought to the end of their resources. At that time, the Lord will pour out upon them the spirit of grace and supplication and they will repent in the words of Isaiah 53, “He was wounded for our transgressions, He was bruised for our iniquities; The chastisement for our peace was upon Him, And by His stripes we are healed. All we like sheep have gone astray; We have turned, every one, to his own way; And the Lord has laid on Him the iniquity of us all”. (Isa. 53:5-6) Then the Messiah will return with power and great glory to save them, and the New Covenant will come into its full glory. But in the meantime, as Peter indicated on the day of Pentecost, individual Israelites did not need to wait for that future day.  The blessings of the New Covenant were available immediately to them if they would reject the decision of their leaders, turn to Jesus in repentance and supplication, and take Him as Messiah and Lord. In the mercy of God these Israelites who had been involved in those events that led to the judgment of God were re-offered the opportunity to recognize Jesus as Messiah. Peter encouraged them to re-examine the evidence and escape the blanket judgment upon the nation. The preaching of the early Church leaders made the same points, that the crucified Messiah had been raised and exalted, and salvation was available for those who received Him as such, that is, as Lord and Messiah. But what about Gentiles, that is those who had not previously been Jewish proselytes?

To this subject we now turn. (BUT NEXT TIME)

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[1] Matt.23.31-36

The Messiah and the Covenants of Israel (Continued)

The Day of Pentecost

Those believers that qualified to be members of the new order, the Church, were gathered in Jerusalem at the Feast of Weeks, when the ascended Son of God sent the Spirit of God to initiate the New Covenant for them. As with the Messiah at His baptism, so now with the disciples of the Messiah, the Spirit of God descended and rested upon each of them. More than that, He indwelt them, thus fulfilling that part of the New Covenant that speaks of the law, statutes and ordinances of God being written on tablets of flesh. Spontaneous praise to God broke out and was heard and understood by many of those who were in Jerusalem for the feast, no matter which was their native language. This phenomenon drew much public attention, and gave Peter an opportunity to explain the significance of these unusual events and how they were the activity of the Man that was recently crucified, but who had been resurrected and returned to heaven to a place of honor at the throne above. In this, the first public address of the new dispensation, Peter references prophetic Scriptures to explain what had happened. He brought forward the words of Joel who spoke of the day when the New Covenant would be in play. Peter said, “… this is what was spoken by the prophet Joel: ‘And it shall come to pass in the last days, says God, That I will pour out of My Spirit on all flesh; Your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, Your young men shall see visions, Your old men shall dream dreams. And on My menservants and on My maidservants I will pour out My Spirit in those days; And they shall prophesy.” (Acts 2:16-18) That Joel was speaking of a day when the Spirit of God will be poured out upon all flesh, that is all Jewish flesh, is supported by other writers. For example, Paul says, “all Israel will be saved, as it is written: “The Deliverer will come out of Zion, And He will turn away ungodliness from Jacob.” (Rom. 11:26) In that future day it will be all Jewish flesh without exception. But the T’nach regularly uses the words ‘all flesh’ to refer to the whole of humanity.[1] And, in the light of the historic events of the day of Pentecost, we must initially interpret the phrase as all flesh without distinction, that is, the young and the old, male and female, bond and free. And later events allow us to add Jew and Gentile but that is getting ahead of ourselves.

 Many of the crowd convicted by Peter’s words, no doubt because they had tacitly, if not actively, rejected the claims of Jesus, raised the question, “what shall we do?” (Acts 2.37) This prompted Peter, apostle to the Jews, and holder of the keys of the kingdom of heaven, to respond and in his response we will find the clue needed to illuminate how it would be possible for individual Jews to receive the blessings of the New Covenant. Peter said, “Repent, and let every one of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins; and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. For the promise is to you and to your children, and to all who are afar off, as many as the Lord our God will call.” And with many other words he testified and exhorted them, saying, “Be saved from this perverse generation.” (Acts 2:38-40) What is envisaged here is an offer of the blessing of the New Covenant to those who would distance themselves from the decision of the nation’s leaders and recognize Jesus as Israel’s Messiah and take Him as their Lord. Peter, in saying, “Be saved from this perverse generation” recognized that it was ‘this generation’ that was under a suspended sentence from the Son of God. Those that wish to be saved from the blanket judgment that was upon the nation were required to act then, on the day of Pentecost, in the same manner as the whole nation will be required to act sometime in the future. Indeed, any Israelite of any generation has the same opportunity, and can know the same salvation, if they fulfill the conditions that Peter laid on his listeners, to recognize Jesus as Messiah and Lord.  

More Next Time:

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[1] Gen.6.12,13,17; Job 34.15; Ps.65.2; 145.21; Isa.40.5, 6, etc

The Messiah and the Covenants of Israel

The Messiah and the New Covenant

The New Covenant as it applies to Individual Members of the Hebrew Race

 

For what has been observed so far it seems that the implementation of the New Covenant for the Hebrew nation as a whole awaits a future day when they will be brought to acknowledge Jesus as Messiah and King. How can it be implemented for individuals? It is Peter that began the process. This was to be expected – for he had been specially selected for that ministry. The record of his commissioning is in Matthew chapter 16. It took place when Peter himself was finally and completely convinced of the Messianic claims of Jesus.  He confessed - “You are the Christ (the Messiah), the Son of the living God.” (Matt. 16:16) These titles encompass the person and work of the incarnate God. Jesus indicated this was to be the foundation for a new order, a collective of people with the same conviction, that Jesus is both Messiah and Son of God. “Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jonah, for flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but My Father who is in heaven. And I also say to you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build My church, and the gates of Hades shall not prevail against it. And I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.” (Matt. 16:17-19)

 

Those that have the same conviction and confession as Peter will be called out to be a new entity, the ‘ekklesia’, the called out ones, the Church. Since the ‘ekklesia’, the Church, is here spoken of as a building, the analogy is continued by the use of the image of ‘keys’. Peter is considered to be the steward with the keys to the building. His ministry, recorded by Luke in the book of Acts, includes those occasions when he opened the door to the kingdom of heaven and admitted Messianic believers into the Church.

 

The Introduction of the new ‘house rules’ that controlled entry and membership of the Church.

 

To facilitate this change to the implementation of the New Covenant, Peter is given authority to bind and loose. Within Jewish culture these words are understood to mean forbid and permit. The terms binding and loosing were in regular use in rabbinic canon-law. They represented the legislative and judicial powers of the rabbinic office. In the new age that was dawning, that is, the Church age, these powers were granted by the head of the Church, the Messiah, first to Peter, and later to the other apostles.[1] These were the ones charged to advertise the new ‘house rules’ that were to be in place in the new dispensation of grace. Holders of the apostolic office were empowered to immediately offer the benefits of the New Covenant to those individuals who qualified to enter the Church, that is, those individuals whose confession of Jesus is that He is the Messiah, the Son of God. Once the door had been opened, of course, others were permitted to enter, as long as it was on the same basis – acceptance of the person and work of the Messiah.

Next Time: The Day of Pentecost

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[1] John 20:23

The Messiah and the Covenants of Israel

The Messiah and the New Covenant

That the death of the Messiah provided the basis and ground for the implementation of the New Covenant can be ascertained from the events that took place the night before His execution. In conformity to the historic command of Moses to celebrate the Passover on the 14^th of Abib (Nisan) He hosted the remembrance meal for His disciples. The table was furnished with the roast meat of a lamb that had been killed in the Temple, and every aspect of the celebration had been meticulously followed, including the provision of unleavened bread and wine. They had drunk from the cup of thanksgiving, and eaten of the bitter herbs, dipping them in salt water, and haroset. They had feasted on the lamb, reclining at table as free men. It was when they were due to drink the third cup of wine, the cup of blessing, that the Messiah introduced a new aspect to the festival. Taking some of the unleavened bread He “gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to them, saying, ‘This is My body which is given for you; do this in remembrance of Me.’” (Luke 22:19) In a similar fashion “He also took the cup after supper, saying, ‘This cup is the new covenant in My blood, which is shed for you’” (Luke 22:20; see also Matt.26.28; Mark 14.24; 1 Cor.11.25). In anticipation of His execution the following morning, He informed the future leaders of the Church that His death was ground for the commencement of a new dispensation, a dispensation of grace, a dispensation that would be founded on the New Covenant. It is His death that permits the implementation of that aspect of the New Covenant that grants forgiveness for sin. And it is His resurrection that points to the implementation of the Davidic Covenant, and it is His ascension that furnishes the Holy Spirit under the terms of the New Covenant to indwell His followers.

But how can we explain the implementation of the New Covenant as it was practiced in the early Church, for it stands in contrast to the Jeremiah text which points it directly to the houses of Judah and Israel and clearly anticipates it being activated for the nation as a whole? Paul, a minister of the New Covenant[1] and apostle of the Messiah with a special remit to go to the Gentiles, offered to them the benefits of the New Covenant without requiring their conversion to Judaism. Moreover, the book of Hebrews spends a great deal of time developing the argument that the New Covenant, that had been activated by the death, resurrection and ascension of the Messiah, is substantially better that anything provided in the Mosaic Covenant.[2] On the face of it this does not present any problem, but in light of the Jeremiah prophecy, it is slightly off centre because the Hebrew letter is directed, not to the nation as a whole but to those who have individually recognized the Messianic claims of Jesus of Nazareth.

The foundation text in Jeremiah[3] speaks of the New Covenant being activated for the nation as a whole, but in the early Church it was activated for individual Jews as well as individual Gentiles.

How so? Let’s find answers to this conundrum. (Next Time)

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[1] 2 Cor.3.6

[2] See Heb.7.22; 8.6-13; 9.15; 10.16,29; 12.24; 13.20

[3] Jer.31.31-34

The Messiah and the Covenants of Israel

The Messiah and the Davidic Covenant

The Davidic Covenant promised:

1.            An eternal house (this refers to the dynasty of David; the house of David or the line of David).

2.            An eternal throne (this refers to a permanent right to reign that was to be held by the house of David).

3.            An eternal kingdom (Israel’s future is secure - there will always be subjects to protect and serve).

4.            An eternal descendent (necessary if the house, throne and kingdom are to last forever).

 

That the Davidic Covenant climaxes in the person of the Messiah is supported by Scripture. Peter references it in his address at Pentecost. “Men and brethren, let me speak freely to you of the patriarch David, that he is both dead and buried, and his tomb is with us to this day. Therefore, being a prophet, and knowing that God had sworn with an oath to him that of the fruit of his body, according to the flesh, He would raise up the Christ to sit on his throne, he, foreseeing this, spoke concerning the resurrection of the Christ, that His soul was not left in Hades, nor did His flesh see corruption.” (Acts 2:29-31) Here is the eternal One, resurrected to sit eternally on the Davidic throne.

In this address Peter draws on Psalm 16 to demonstrate that the resurrection of Jesus was predicted, and since the Psalm was Davidic it must mean that this One who has been resurrected, the Messiah of Israel, must also be the One to inherit the throne of David and reign eternally. Peter builds his case quickly and well. Since he was speaking on the anniversary of the death of David, and because the tomb of David was known to his hearers, he confidently asserted that Israel’s greatest king was both dead and buried. The unexpressed implication is that since David’s tomb remains undisturbed, his body underwent decay, so he cannot have fulfilled the prophecy spoken of in Psalm 16. And if David cannot fulfill the psalm, someone else must. Peter offers the solution in verse 30. Knowing that God had promised to seat one of his descendants on his throne, David spoke prophetically of the resurrection of the Messiah. With this statement, Peter interpreted Psalm 16 in light of God’s promise to David. The resurrection, and (by implication) the death of the Messiah, was predicted in this Psalm (vv.8–11) and are part of the fulfillment of the promise to seat one of David’s descendants on his throne. While the promise statement in verse 30 of Acts 2 is an allusion from the Septuagint translation of Psalm 132:11, it surely draws generally from the Davidic theology that most Jews would have been familiar with.[1]

A later episode is described in Acts 15. There Luke undertakes to report on the debate in Jerusalem, where the question of the admittance of the Gentiles was under discussion. He quotes James quoting Amos. “After this I will return And will rebuild the tabernacle of David, which has fallen down; I will rebuild its ruins, And I will set it up; So that the rest of mankind may seek the Lord, Even all the Gentiles who are called by My name, Says the Lord who does all these things.” (Acts 15:14-17; cf. Amos9.11,12) The prophecy of the rebuilding of the tabernacle (or house) of David again draws on the promise to David that his house, throne and kingdom would be established forever.[2] It appears that the early Church leaders understood the rebuilding of David’s house in this way—as a reference to the re-establishment of the Davidic dynasty accomplished through the death, resurrection and exaltation of Jesus.

Not only ‘Son of David’ but also ‘King of the Jews’

 

It was crucial to the Messianic claim of Jesus that he should have been born in David’s town of Bethlehem, of David’s line and be a true Son of David, a title that was freely accorded Him by those who recognized His Messianic credentials.[3] But beyond this is His position as ‘King of the Jews’. He was not just of royal lineage, (many others could have claimed as much), but He was the only One who would be able to fulfill the royal prophecies. He was born “King of the Jews” (Matt.2.2); He was tried as “King of the Jews”, (Matt.27.11; John 18.33) a title he readily accepted before Pilate;[4] a title that Pilate readily accepted;[5] and He was convicted and executed as “King of the Jews” (Matt.27.37; Mark 15.26; Luke 23.38; John 19.19).

At the centre of the rejection of Jesus as Messiah was the reluctance of the Sanhedrin to acknowledge this aspect of the claim of Jesus. When He entered Jerusalem riding on a donkey, deliberately fulfilling the Zechariah prophecy, “Tell the daughter of Zion, ‘Behold, your King is coming to you, Lowly, and sitting on a donkey, A colt, the foal of a donkey,’” (Matt. 21:4-5) they complained of the crowd’s reaction when they praised the Son of David. This public display of power and popularity undoubtedly hardened their opposition and resistance. Their actions the following week where they sought opportunity to bring a political accusation against Him were partly a reaction to this event.

That Jesus had title to the Davidic throne is clear, but the time when His reign would begin is less clear. The disciples had thought it was imminent. After the resurrection and before the ascension they asked the risen Messiah, “Lord, will You at this time restore the kingdom to Israel?” (Acts 1:6) Jesus’ enigmatic reply was, “It is not for you to know times or seasons which the Father has put in His own authority.” (Acts 1:7)  It seems obvious that there will be no salvation for the nation of Israel until they acknowledge, not just the Messianic claim of Jesus, but also His Davidic claim. When He returns, He will return as King, and not just King of the Gentiles but especially King of the Jews. And He will reign from Jerusalem. Therefore it must await the time when the leaders will greet the Messiah in the same manner as the crowd did at His entry into Jerusalem on the first day of Passion week. They are required to express heartfelt delight at His appearing, fulfilling the main condition for His return; “you shall see Me no more till you say, ‘Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord!’” (Matt. 23:39)

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[1] Cf. 2 Sam. 7:12–16; Ps. 89

[2] cf. 2 Sam. 7:16

[3] Matt.9.27; 12.23; 15.22; 20.30,31; 21.9; Mark 10.47,48; 18.38,39 (see also Matt.1.1; Luke 3.31)

[4] Matt.27.11

[5] Mark 15.9

The Messiah and the Covenants of Israel (Continued)

The Messiah and the Land Covenant (Continued)

The Return of the Jews to the Land

 

The obedience to the Law that was required was always predicated on faith. Mechanical obedience was never acceptable to the Lord. Not unsurprisingly, their historical obedience was never perfect and when the quality of that obedience dropped to unacceptable levels there would be a word from the throne via a prophetic spokesman to indicate an exile of the people. An examination of texts in the T’nach suggests there would be at least three dispossessions[1] and three restorations.[2] Of those, the three dispossessions have been fulfilled, so also the first and second restorations; the final restoration for which the nation waits is yet future.

 

Since the final return to the Land is conditioned on faith in God, then it will only take place when the nation accepts Jesus as their Messiah and are regenerated. It is true that there has been a return to the Land in the 20^th century, but the numbers have been relatively small, and the bulk of the population have returned in unbelief, that is, they are still not followers of Jesus, the Messiah of Israel. Therefore, they do not qualify for the full restoration of the Land. This waits for the nation as a whole to repent, embrace God’s offer of mercy, and enjoy the benefits that the New Covenant can bring to them. Only then will they occupy the territory designated in the Abrahamic Covenant which at that time will be restored to full fruitfulness.

 

Here are one or two Scriptures relating to this:

1.                  The final regathering will be when Israel returns in faith. Moses spoke of it: “But if they confess their iniquity and the iniquity of their fathers, with their unfaithfulness in which they were unfaithful to Me, and that they also have walked contrary to Me  … then I will remember My covenant with Jacob, and My covenant with Isaac and My covenant with Abraham I will remember; I will remember the land …when they are in the land of their enemies, I will not cast them away, nor shall I abhor them, to utterly destroy them and break My covenant with them; for I am the Lord their God. But for their sake I will remember the covenant of their ancestors, whom I brought out of the land of Egypt in the sight of the nations, that I might be their God: I am the Lord.” (Lev. 26:40-45)

2.                  It will be a total regathering. Isaiah described it: “Fear not, for I am with you; I will bring your descendants from the east, And gather you from the west; I will say to the north, ‘Give them up!’ And to the south, ‘Do not keep them back!’ Bring My sons from afar, And My daughters from the ends of the earth— Everyone who is called by My name, Whom I have created for My glory; I have formed him, yes, I have made him.” (Isa. 43:5-7)

3.                  The Land will be restored to its former glory. “‘I will bring back the captives of My people Israel; They shall build the waste cities and inhabit them; They shall plant vineyards and drink wine from them; They shall also make gardens and eat fruit from them. I will plant them in their land, And no longer shall they be pulled up From the land I have given them,’ Says the Lord your God.” (Amos 9:14-15)

4.                  God will be a shepherd to Israel. “‘Hear the word of the Lord, O nations, And declare it in the isles afar off, and say, ‘He who scattered Israel will gather him, And keep him as a shepherd does his flock.’” (Jer. 31:10)

Next Time: The Messiah and the Davidic Covenant

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[1] cf.  Gen.15.13,14,16; Jer.25.11,12; Deut.28.63-68 with Deut. 30.1-3

[2] cf. Gen.15.14 with Josh.1.2-7; Dan.9.2 with Jer.25.11,12; Deut. 30.3; Jer. 23.5-8; Exek.37.21-25; Acts 15.14-17

The Messiah and the Covenants of Israel (Continued)

The Messiah and the Land Covenant

The Land Covenant made the occupation of Israel conditional on the obedience of the people to the Mosaic Law. One of the purposes of the Mosaic Law was to prepare Israel to receive their Messiah. Jesus said, “if you believed Moses, you would believe Me; for he wrote about Me.” (John 5:46) The rejection of the Messianic claims of Jesus is a prima facie case against Israel that they were not keeping the Law. This is also the direct accusation of the Son of God, the only One who never told a lie. “Did not Moses give you the law, yet none of you keeps the law?” (John 7:19) immediately adding, “Why do you seek to kill Me?”  thus identifying the final act of His rejection, which, if the Word of God holds true would have to bring about an exile of the nation. And so it was. The Messiah who never shed tears over His own pain shed tears over the judgment that was to fall on Jerusalem. When He saw the city He wept over it, saying, “If you had known, even you, especially in this your day, the things that make for your peace! But now they are hidden from your eyes. For days will come upon you when your enemies will build an embankment around you, surround you and close you in on every side, and level you, and your children within you, to the ground; and they will not leave in you one stone upon another, because you did not know the time of your visitation.” (Luke 19:41-44)

Jesus indicated that the exile would not really end until they reversed the national rejection of His Messianic office. “O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, the one who kills the prophets and stones those who are sent to her! How often I wanted to gather your children together, as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, but you were not willing! See! Your house is left to you desolate; for I say to you, you shall see Me no more till you say, ‘Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord!’ ” (Matt. 23:37-39; Luke 13.34) The desolation of Israel will not end until they repent of national rejection of the Son of God, and call for His help and assistance. Israel cannot survive without God, and it is only the believing remnant that maintains the continuity of their existence.

On the way to His place of execution when His rejection would be finally confirmed by the most unjust and cruel act imaginable, He repeated His warning to the nation. In view of their statement, “His blood be on us and on our children.” (Matt. 27:25) Jesus said, “Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for Me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. For indeed the days are coming in which they will say, ‘Blessed are the barren, wombs that never bore, and breasts which never nursed!’ Then they will begin ‘to say to the mountains, “Fall on us!” and to the hills, “Cover us!”’ For if they do these things in the green wood, what will be done in the dry?” (Luke 23:28-31)

The leaders of the nation, supported by the majority of the population, had rejected their Messiah with the words, “Away with Him, away with Him! Crucify Him! … We have no king but Caesar!” (John 19:15) They will find out what kind of king Caesar is. Not insignificantly, Caesar also claimed the honor of being a deity.

The physical consequences of the rejection of Jesus and the fulfillment of His chilling prophecy to the women of Jerusalem did not mature until more than three decades later. Gessius Florus, the Roman governor/procurator of Israel from AD64 to 66 was not averse to utilizing his power for personal gain. Josephus blames him for ‘kindling the war’,[1] that is, it was Florus’ actions that brought about the Jewish revolt that ultimately led to the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the Temple. Several Roman commanders were involved. The campaign was begun by the governor of Syria, Cestius Gallus, who with the 12^th legion, plus two thousand men from other legions and reinforced with cavalry and auxiliary troops began the campaign to subdue a revolt by the disenchanted Jewish people. His campaign began successfully enough but he failed to take the Temple Mount and withdrew. Gallus was succeeded by Vespasian and Vespasian’s son, Titus, and it would be Titus who would finally conquer Jerusalem, over-run the opposition on the Temple Mount and destroy the Temple. The Titus arch, erected in Rome to memorialize his victory, depicts the seven branch Menorah being carried away by Roman legionaries.

Although the Jews were seriously depleted and some exiled at the time of the Vespasian war, it would be the rebellion under the Messianic claimant Bar Cochba that would bring about the wholesale deportation of the population. In AD 132 Simon Bar Cochba persuaded many leading Jews that he was the Messiah and would be able to lead a resistance against Rome that would be the fulfillment of the word of the prophets and free them from the Gentile yoke. Initially there was some success, but Rome always had reinforcements and the ability to put down rebellions, and the revolt was finally subdued in AD 135. However, the cost to Rome was heavy, both in the loss of men and resources. The province itself was reduced to a wilderness. Schurer reports “All Judea was well-nigh a desert. 50 fortresses, 985 villages were destroyed, 580,000 Jews (?) fell in battle, while the number of those who succumbed to their wounds and to famine was never reckoned. Innumerable was the multitude of those who were sold away as slaves. At the annual market at the Terebinth of Hebron they were offered for sale in such numbers that a Jewish slave was of no more value than a horse. What could not be disposed of there was brought to Gaza and there sold or sent to Egypt, on the way to which many died of hunger or by shipwreck”.^[2] Jerusalem was converted into a Roman colony with the name Aelia Capitolina. The character of the city was transformed from Jewish to heathen by driving out any remaining Jewish occupants, and replacing them with colonists. No Jew was allowed to re-enter the city. Any discovered within its boundaries was put to death. A Temple to Jupiter was erected to replace the Jewish Temple on the Temple mount. That which Antiochus Epiphanes had tried to accomplish some centuries earlier was now accomplished by the Roman conquerors. Thus the Jews finally and completely lost the Temple, the City and the Land. It would be some 1800 years before they would have a partial foothold in Israel once again.

More Next Time:

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[1] The works of Josephus, Wars 2, 556

^[2]Schürer, E. (1890). A history of the Jewish people in the time of Jesus Christ, first division, Vol. II. (2:314). Edinburgh: T&T Clark.